Comparison of Phages and Antibiotics

Introduction

This page aims to describe the fundamental differences between phages and antibiotics: their advantages and disadvantages, differences in application, side effects, etc., while citing some key sources.The intention is not to oppose phages to antibiotics but to understand that: - Bacteriophages and antibiotics can be complementary. - In cases where antibiotics have reached a therapeutic impasse, phage therapy should be considered as a solution. - Phage therapy, in many cases, can be used as an alternative to antibiotics without side effects. - It may be beneficial to use bacteriophages and antibiotics simultaneously, making it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance against two different attacks. - Phages, with their ability to penetrate biofilms, can also help antibiotics regain their effectiveness.

Comparison of Therapeutic Methodologies between Bacteriophages and Antibiotics

BACTERIOPHAGES:
Phages multiply and replicate when they come into contact with bacteria. They need to be in contact with the infectious focus to act.
For each bacteria, there is at least one phage, although some phages may not be able to "treat" infections, especially for intracellular bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the bacteria, search for the most effective phage (phage susceptibility testing), and have access to the infected site. Consequently, there is a need for analysis time before administering the treatment to the patient. This therapeutic methodology, which is necessary to achieve good results, requires more time and effort compared to antibiotics. This is likely a contributing factor to the widespread use of antibiotics, which are much easier to administer. Please refer to the page "Traitement par phagothérapie" for detailed information on the specific process of such treatment (not to be compared with chemical antibiotic treatments).

ANTIBIOTICS:
Antibiotics target a broad or specific range of bacteria. The treatment can be administered almost immediately to the patient, with all patients receiving the same treatment for a given type of infection.

Side effects of phages and antibiotics

BACTERIOPHAGES
Very rare, brief and fleeting side effects can occur, such as a fever for an hour or two (as with antibiotics) and mild headaches, due to bacterial lysis.

A very positive side effect of phages is their ability to strengthen the immune system. Then, when the phages can no longer find bacteria to infect, they eliminate themselves through natural pathways. It should be noted that during inhalations, discomfort may occur. Indeed, when bacterial lysis is too significant, it causes the release of many bacterial debris. This results in symptoms of bronchitis without being bronchitis. This symptom lasts between a few hours and one to two days. That's why it is recommended to practice bacteriophage inhalations under medical supervision.

ANTIBIOTICS
The side effects of antibiotics are numerous and well-known. Due to non-targeted destruction of too many types of bacteria, especially in the gut, and depending on the types of antibiotics, the following side effects may appear: digestive disorders, bloating, nausea, diarrhea, neurological problems, tendon issues, cardiac problems, allergic reactions, mouth or vaginal yeast infections, deafness, and more.

Bacterial resistance to phages and antibiotics

BACTERIOPHAGES
Les bactéries peuvent tout à fait devenir résistantes aux phages. Mais nous ne sommes jamais en impasse thérapeutique totale avec la phagothérapie. En effet, il existe toujours la possibilité de faire “travailler” un phage sur une bactérie donnée pour renforcer sa virulence. De plus, les médecins constatent souvent que, lors de la mutation d’une bactérie pour devenir résistante à un phage, celle-ci est redevenue sensible aux antibiotiques.

Ensuite, il s’ait d’un processus naturel, si les bactéries cherchent à résister aux phages, ceux-ci cherchent alors à renforcer leur virulence contre les bactéries. Ce processus existe depuis des milliards d’années (depuis l’arrivée des bactéries et des phages sur terre). Ce qui explique qu’il n’existe pas de bactéries multi résistantes aux phages et qu’il s’agit d’un équilibre naturel et utile à l’équilibre de l’écosystème planétaire..

Il est à noter que, même si ils n’ont pas tous été trouvés, il est estimé qu’il y a au moins un phage par bactérie, mais plutôt une moyenne de 10 à 100 phages différents pour une bactérie donnée (Source Us National Library of Medicine).

Enfin, l’utilisation par les médecins géorgiens de “cocktails” de phages (5 à 7 phages différents par fiole) sert à empêcher la bactérie de muter contre un seul phage, mais lui impose de se défendre contre plusieurs phages. Ainsi, sa mutation pour devenir résistante lui est bien plus complexe, donc difficile à obtenir.

ANTIBIOTIQUES
L’usage intensif des antibiotiques a entrâiné une “sélection” des bactéries qu’ils ne pouvaient pas détruire : les bactéries dites multi résistantes. En effet, seules celles-ci restent, ne craignant pas l’effet des antibiotiques et peuvent proliférer. Une fois qu’une bactérie résistante aux antibiotiques a infecté un patient, celui-ci se retrouve alors en “impasse thérapeutique”, car il n’existe plus de traitement connu pour le traiter. La résistance aux antibiotiques est un enjeu de santé mondiale. Les prévisions estiment à 10 millions de morts par an dans le monde à l’horizon 2050 dus aux bactéries multi-résistantes (source : Institut Pasteur) car nous avons de moins en moins d’antibiotiques efficaces (source OMS : Le monde commence à manquer d’antibiotiques).

Ciblage des bactéries

BACTERIOPHAGES
Les phages se multiplient en se reproduisant lorsqu’ils sont en contact avec les bactéries. Ils ont donc besoin d’être en contact du foyer infectieux pour agir. Lorsque les phages ne trouvent plus de bactéries à infecter, ils s’éliminent d’eux-mêmes par les voies naturelles

ANTIBIOTIQUES
Les antibiotiques ne ciblent qu’au mieux une famille de bactéries, mais jamais seulement et uniquement la bactérie pathogène. Par conséquent, ils détruisent aveuglément des bactéries non pathogènes qui peuvent être utiles à notre système digestif et immunitaire (flore intestinale).

Production and Quality

Definition of a medication (source: Cambridge Dictionnary):"a medicine, or a set of medicines or drugs, used to improve a particular condition or illness"

American definition : "any substance used to treat an illness or disease, esp. a drug"
Definition of Good Manufacturing Practices according to WHO: One of the elements of quality assurance, ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled to meet the quality standards appropriate for their intended use and as required by the marketing authorization.

BACTERIOPHAGES:
The Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) system is not suitable for bacteriophages. Therefore, it is impossible to produce phages according to GMP. Phages are not made of chemically manufactured molecules with the same "recipe" in a factory, but rather living organisms (considered alive by some). Such production standards are not applicable to them and do not exist to date. This is an argument against their authorization.

The current standard for pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Georgia is the national Georgian standard. Eliava Bio Preparation laboratory fully complies with this standard. The national Georgian standard is a strict and high-quality manufacturing regulation that ensures compliance of manufacturing facilities with the declared standards. Georgia is in the process of validation to become a member of PIC/S, which is the "Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme." All of Europe, North America, the Commonwealth, and a few others are part of it.

Bacteriophage products manufactured by Eliava BioPreparations are registered pharmaceutical products in Georgia. The production process and quality control are carried out in full compliance with national standards for pharmaceutical manufacturing by the "Ministry of Labor, Health, and Social Affairs of Georgia." Quality control of each batch manufactured is conducted in an internal quality control laboratory as well as in an independent third-party laboratory to test the quality of pharmaceutical products.

The sterility control of all phage products by Eliava BioPreparations is carried out in total compliance with sterility (2.6.1) and the guidelines for the sterility test (5.9.1) in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia. It is also in accordance with the guidelines for sterility tests (3.2) by the WHO International Pharmacopoeia.

ANTIBIOTICS:
The production of antibiotics complies with all the standards for marketing medications (Good Manufacturing Practices, Marketing Authorization, etc.).

COVID-19: Usefulness of Phages and Antibiotics

BACTERIOPHAGES
Phages can reduce the risk of death from COVID-19. In fact, phages can also induce antiviral immunity while contributing to maintaining a balanced immune response. Moreover, by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and ROS production, phages can downregulate excessive inflammatory reactions relevant to the pathology and clinical progression of COVID-19 (Source: [insert source]). Phages in the fight against COVID-19)

ANTIBIOTIcs
Antibiotic therapy does not appear to have significant benefits in the treatment of COVID-19.(source : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7442045/ ). Even though studies have been conducted using azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine, their results do not seem conclusive when used alone.(source : French society of pharmacology and therapeutic : source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7441988/ )